Integration of International Criminal Law Principles in the Regulation of Terrorism in Indonesia A Study of Criminal Law Reform
Article Sidebar
-
Criminal Code, Criminal Law, Penal Reform
Abstract
Background. This article examines the integration of international criminal law principles into the revision of Indonesia's Anti-Terrorism Law.
Purpose. Although Indonesia has updated its anti-terrorism framework with Law No. 5 of 2018 and the new Criminal Code (KUHP 2023), several challenges remain in aligning national legislation with international standards.
Method. Through normative and comparative legal methods, this research analyzes relevant international legal instruments, including UN resolutions and conventions on counter-terrorism, and compares them with Indonesian regulations.
Results. The findings reveal that Indonesia must further harmonize its anti-terrorism laws to ensure effective law enforcement while protecting human rights. The study provides recommendations to strengthen Indonesia’s legal framework on terrorism.
Conclusion. This study concludes that while Indonesia has made significant progress in reforming its anti-terrorism legislation, substantial normative and institutional adjustments are still required to fully comply with international criminal law standards. Harmonization efforts should prioritize clearer legal definitions, proportional enforcement mechanisms, and stronger human rights safeguards to prevent potential abuses of power.
Full text article
References
Arias, I. F. B. (2025). LEGAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH: THE ROLE OF THE PLITHOGENIC IADOV METHOD IN THE FORMULATION OF A PENAL REFORM PROPOSAL IN ECUADOR. Investigacion Operacional, 46(2), 249–258.
Arrastía, D. S. (2025). Military criminal accountability and forensic Psychiatry. Revista Cubana De Medicina Militar, 54(4). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=105022055931&origin=inward
Cevallos, K. H. (2026). Self-Defense and Chronic Domestic Violence in Ecuador: A Comparative Analysis. Foro Revista De Derecho, 2026(45), 149–167. https://doi.org/10.32719/26312484.2026.45.8
Cremades, A. A. D.-B. (2025). Evolution of Fraud in Spanish Law: From Roman ‘Dolus’ to Modern Codification. Journal on European History of Law, 16(2), 21–25.
Deffendini, S. N. H. de. (2026). Criminal Jurisdictional Immunities of State Officials and Universal Jurisdiction. Their Application to the Case Concerning Venezuela. Anuario Mexicano De Derecho Internacional, 26(26). https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24487872e.2026.26.19803
Dewi, E. (2025). Corporate Crimes and Penal Reform in Indonesia: Evaluating the Efficacy of the Criminal Code. Jambe Law Journal, 8(1), 287–313. https://doi.org/10.22437/home.v8i1.525
Díaz, G. B. (2025). The substitution of the juvenile criminal sanction in the reform of Law 21,527. Proposal for interpretation regarding the minimum compliance time and progress in the intervention plan. Politica Criminal, 20(39), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-33992025000100001
Fernandez, A. M. (2025). Critical analysis of street harassment (Article 173.4 of the criminal code): From the scaffold to prison? Cuadernos De Politica Criminal, 2025(146), 33–78. https://doi.org/10.14679/4386
Freiberg, A. (2025). Reflections on 50 years of sentencing reform: The good, the bad and the future. Alternative Law Journal, 50(2), 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X251323921
García, G. S. (2025). The social construction of fear of crime or how mathematics is not always exact. Revista Republicana, 2025(38), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.21017/Rev.Repub.1147
Issa, H. A. (2025). Common belief vs. Science: Scientific fallacies in proving the victim’s consent and lies in sexual crimes. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 12(Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102124
Josa, P. F. R. (2025). Implications of the motivational component on the fight against organized crime. Revista De Pensamiento Estrategico Y Seguridad Cisde, 10(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.54988/cisde.2025.1.1567
Joseph, B. (2025). Beyond Incarceration; Optimising Probation Use in India through Legislative Reform and International Best Practices. Asian Journal of Human Services, 28(Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40), 351–377. https://doi.org/10.14391/ajhs.28.351
Kahlmeter, A. (2025). Justice by privilege? Social inequality in waivers of prosecution among youth. Journal of Criminal Justice, 101(Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102497
Kéchichian, J. A. (2025). Challenges to Legal Reforms in Saudi Arabia. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 12(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/23477989251326312
Klingele, C. (2026). Assessing the Early Influence of the Model Penal Code’s Revised Sentencing Provisions. Oxford Handbook of Sentencing, (Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40), 373–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197646137.003.0023
Krajewski, K. (2026a). Countries of the former Warsaw Pact. Suspended Prison Sentences Elusive Punishment in Central and Eastern Europe, (Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003568667-6
Krajewski, K. (2026b). Suspended sentences as an alternative to imprisonment in Poland. Suspended Prison Sentences Elusive Punishment in Central and Eastern Europe, (Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40), 94–118. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003568667-9
Kubiciel, M. (2025). Corporate Criminal Liability in Germany. Pro Jure Revista De Derecho, 63(Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.4151/s0718-68512024063-1474
Künkler, M. (2025). Reform from Within? H?kemiyat-e Q?nun from the Reformist Era to 2022. Rule of Law in the Islamic Republic of Iran Power Institutions and the Limits of Reform, (Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40), 260–288. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108630603.009
Lahti, R. (2025). Extended confiscation in Finland. Extended Confiscation of Illicit Assets and the Criminal Law National and Eu Perspectives, (Query date: 2026-02-25 14:56:40), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003536321-6
Marques-Banque, M. (2025). ILLEGAL PLASTIC WASTE TRAFFICKING UNDER THE EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THROUGH CRIMINAL LAW. Actualidad Juridica Ambiental, 2025(161), 194–227. https://doi.org/10.56398/ajacieda.00450
Mashdurohatun, A. (2026). Contemporary Reassessment of Punishment in Islamic Sharia and Secular Law: A Comparative Study of Justice and Penal Philosophy. Milrev Metro Islamic Law Review, 5(1), 80–100. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v5i1.11887
Masyhar, A. (2025). Reclaiming the Unwritten: Living Law’s Prospects under Indonesia’s 2023 Penal Reform. Jambe Law Journal, 8(1), 255–285. https://doi.org/10.22437/home.v8i1.502
Mohanty, P. (2025). Beyond Human Bias: An LLM-Driven Comparative Analysis of the Indian Penal Code (1860) and Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (2023). Statute Law Review, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmaf014
Munawar, K. A. S. (2025). Reversed Burden of Proof in Online Gambling Fraud: Consumer Protection Based on Islamic Law in West Java. Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune, 8(2), 243–261. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v8i2.12886
Ochoa, L. A. (2025). Comparative Study of the Crime of Transnational Bribery in Peruvian and Spanish Criminal Law. Derecho Pucp, (95), 79–114. https://doi.org/10.18800/derechopucp.202502.003
Paños, M. Á. C. (2025). The regulation of sexual offences in Germany. A view from criminal law and criminology. Cuadernos De Politica Criminal, 2025(145), 159–202. https://doi.org/10.14679/4240
Purwanti, M. (2025). Criminal Law Reform Through the Classification: Toward a Restorative Sanctions in Indonesian Immigration Law. Lex Scientia Law Review, 9(1), 1429–1458. https://doi.org/10.15294/lslr.v9i1.21929
Rimbault, E. (2025). Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Mandatory Therapy and the Prevention of Sex Crime in France. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 49(1), 304–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-024-09882-4
Rodi, A. U. (2025). The Cassation Appeal in the Preliminary Criminal Investigation: Opening the Instance Following the Chacón Ruling. Revista Juridica Austral, 6(1), 117–163. https://doi.org/10.26422/RJA.2025.0601.uli
Rodríguez, Y. G. (2025). The right to privacy in the digital era: A view from the application of electronic surveillance in the cuban criminal process. Revista De Direito Estado E Telecomunicacoes, 17(2), 281–299. https://doi.org/10.26512/lstr.v17i2.57102
Ruiz, M. T. M. (2025). ELECTROCUTION OF BIRDS ON POWER LINES: FROM ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS TO CRIMINAL LIABILITY. Actualidad Juridica Ambiental, 2025(161), 88–123. https://doi.org/10.56398/ajacieda.00447
Sharma, H. (2025). INVISIBLE VICTIMS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTIONS FOR MOTHERS IN INDIAN PRISONS. Msw Management, 35(2), 1876–1878. https://doi.org/10.7492/b6x3x680
Simanjuntak, J. E. (2025). Customary Law and Multiple Legal Systems in Criminal Justice: Indonesia’s Penal Reform Experience. Architecture Image Studies, 6(3), 1864–1880. https://doi.org/10.62754/ais.v6i3.528
Sivri, G. (2025). The birth of Ottoman penal biopolitics: Motherhood, pregnancy and child-protection in the criminal justice system (1850–1918). Middle Eastern Studies, 61(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2024.2390630
Su, D. (2025). China’s Legal Protection System for Pangolins: Past, Present, and Future. Animals, 15(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162422
Surbakti, F. A. (2025). Regulation of criminal sanctions against corporations in administrative penal law in the context of criminal law reform. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(3), 2236–2248. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5779
Tatikov, R. (2025). Relevant problems of humanisation of the execution of liberty deprivation under the legislation of Kazakhstan: An international comparative analysis. Social and Legal Studios, 8(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals1.2025.20
Usman, M. I. (2025). Adultery Offenses in Indonesia’s New Penal Code: Examining the Influence of Islamic and Customary Law. Juris Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 24(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v24i1.13208
Widjajanto, A. (2025). Decolonising restorative justice in Indonesia: A comparative study across Customary Law traditions. Legality Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 33(2), 470–492. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v33i2.40481
Wirts, A. M. (2025). Mixed Messages: How Criminal Law Fails to Express Feminist Values. Criminal Law and Philosophy, 19(2), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-024-09745-4
