PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING BIOAVAILABILITY AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY
Abstract
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Many drugs suffer from poor solubility, limited absorption, and rapid metabolism, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems offer solutions to these challenges by improving the stability, solubility, and controlled release of pharmaceuticals. This study explores the use of nanotechnology in the design and development of drug delivery systems aimed at enhancing bioavailability and optimizing therapeutic efficacy. The primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of various nanocarriers, including liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles, in improving drug solubility and ensuring targeted delivery. The research employs in vitro and in vivo models to assess drug release profiles, absorption rates, and pharmacokinetic properties. The results demonstrate that nanotechnology-based systems significantly improve drug bioavailability and extend therapeutic efficacy by providing controlled and sustained drug release, reducing side effects, and enhancing cellular uptake. In conclusion, pharmaceutical nanotechnology offers a powerful strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems, providing a pathway for more effective treatments in various therapeutic areas.
Full text article
References
Aghaali, Z., & Naghavi, M. R. (2025). Harnessing nanotechnology for improving the druggability of opium poppy-derived pharmaceutical benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 192, 118557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118557
Alabrahim, O. A. A., Mohamad, K. A., Qaysson, B. T., Alwakeel, R., Chen, Y., Shui, M., Wang, S., & Farag, M. A. (2025). A multifaceted review on extraction optimization, nanoformulation, and chemical modification approaches to enhance the yield, bioavailability, and health effects of xanthones. RSC Advances, 15(50), 42640–42686. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra07267k
Alsafiah, C. M., Tabroni, I., Mark, E., & Maharjan, K. (n.d.). Development of Labyrinth Media to Stimulate Prosocial Behavior Skills of 5-6 years old Children in Purwakarta. Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials, 1(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.55849/jsca.v1i1.453
Arman, S. A., Wang, Y., & Zou, G. (2023). Threeyasa Group Banyuwangi Company Profile Design. Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials, 1(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.55849/jsca.v1i1.404
Dave, P., Raval, B., Mori, D., & Dudhat, K. (2026). Targeted Nanotechnology in Bone Cancer: Integrating Stimuli Responsive Drug Delivery and Artificial Intelligence for Personalized Therapy. Nano Trends, 100182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwnano.2026.100182
Deshmukh, R., Dewangan, B., Harwansh, R. K., Agrawal, R., Garg, A., & Chopra, H. (2025). Current Trends in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria: A Review. Current Drug Delivery, 22(3), 310–331. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018291253240115012327
Elrufaie, A. E., Khan, S. A., Hussain, Z., Rawas-Qalaji, M., & Ahmed, I. S. (2026). Nanotechnology-driven targeted pulmonary drug delivery: Innovations, insights, and clinical horizons. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 259, 115289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115289
Emencheta, S. C., Onugwu, A. L., Kalu, C. F., Ezinkwo, P. N., Eze, O. C., Vila, M. M. D. C., Balcão, V. M., Attama, A. A., & Onuigbo, E. B. (2024). Bacteriophages as nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic effects. Materials Advances, 5(3), 986–1016. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ma00817g
Erdo?ar, N., Gür, B., & Örgül, D. (2026). Recent developments of novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for dermal and transdermal applications. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 217, 107413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107413
Gupta, U., Kosey, S., & Pal, R. (2025). Advancements in nanotechnology-based targeted drug delivery systems for glioblastoma chemotherapy: A comprehensive review. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 111, 107181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107181
Hasanah, I. U., Tabroni, I., Brunel, B., & Alan, M. (2023). Development of Media Matching Box to stimulate symbolic thinking skills in children aged 4-5 years. Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.55849/jsca.v1i1.442
Javid-Naderi, M. J., Abbasi, Z., Fathi-karkan, S., Shahgolzari, M., Maleki-baladi, R., Shayegh, F., Ebrahimzadeh, A., Banimohamad-Shotorbani, B., Rahdar, A., Babaei, M., & Pandey, S. (2024). Advancements in nanocarrier-mediated sunitinib delivery: Addressing obstacles and revealing its therapeutic promise in oncological treatment. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 100, 106107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106107
Karami, M., & Aghabarari, B. (2024). The advancement of molybdenum disulfide quantum dots nanoparticles as nanocarrier for drug delivery systems: Cutting-edge in dual therapeutic roles. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1318, 139149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.139149
Khan, S., Havelikar, U., & Godbole, M. (2026). Chapter 23—Nanotechnology-based drug delivery of natural products in cancer. In M. Rai & S. Bhattarai (Eds.), Emerging Trends in Phytotherapy of Cancer (pp. 401–420). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-40511-2.00010-3
Khan, S., Saeed, M., Gupta, G., Alsayari, A., Wahab, S., Goh, K. W., & Kesharwani, P. (2025). Smart nanoparticle delivery systems for resveratrol: A targeted strategy to enhance anticancer efficacy and bioavailability. Microchemical Journal, 218, 115307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2025.115307
Kumar, T., Bhardwaj, R., Singh, R., Kumar, M., & Rajput, S. K. (2026). Applications of starch-based mucoadhesive drug delivery systems in cancer management. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 335, 148650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148650
Lopes, M. M. da S., Sehn, L. D., Zimmermann, R., Teixeira, H. F., Matte, U., Schuh, R. S., & Fachel, F. N. S. (2026). An overview of the potentialities and recent advances in nanotechnology-based systems for glucocorticoids delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 115, 107659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107659
Nopiyanti, H., Tabroni, I., Barroso, U., & Intes, A. (2023). Product Development of Unique Clothing Learning Media to Stimulate Fine Motor Skills of 4-5 Years Old Children. Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials, 1(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.55849/jsca.v1i1.452
Panda, P., & Mohapatra, R. (2025). Advancements in DNA nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery: Design strategies and applications. Hybrid Advances, 10, 100480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100480
Pandey, B. K., Mishra, S., & Dhar, R. (2025). Chapter 14—Nanotechnology and drug delivery systems. In K. B. Pandey, D. J. Newman, & C. Egbuna (Eds.), Drug Discovery and One Health Approach in Combating Infectious Diseases (pp. 283–290). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-27461-9.00001-9
Patel, R., Mewada, S., Shukla, S., Bhattacharya, S., Alsaidan, O. A., & Prajapati, B. (2026). Carboxymethyl chitosan for neurological drug delivery: Current trends and future prospects. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150488
Payamifar, S., Foroozandeh, A., Pourmadadi, M., & Abdouss, M. (2024). Cyclodextrin nanocarriers in Coordination Chemistry: Enhancing encapsulation and targeted delivery of 5-Fluorouracil for cancer treatment. Results in Chemistry, 12, 101878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101878
Sarkar, S., Rajput, A., Gholap, A. D., Yele, S., & Chalikwar, S. (2026). Unlocking new horizons in wound healing therapy: Harnessing the power of nanocarriers beyond traditional therapies. Pharmacological Research - Natural Products, 10, 100460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100460
Shaddel, R., Rashidinejad, A., Karimkhani, M. M., Tarhan, O., & Jafari, S. M. (2025). Nanodelivery systems of thymoquinone for improving its bioavailability and efficiency in the food and biomedical applications. Industrial Crops and Products, 234, 121555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121555
Shetty, A., Keerikkadu, M., Bangera, P. D., Tippavajhala, V. K., & Rathnanand, M. (2025). An overview of advanced nanocarrier systems for Ibrutinib delivery: Overcoming pharmacokinetic barriers and enabling targeted cancer therapy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X, 10, 100417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100417
Singh, M. B., Raghav, S., Chavda, V., Singh, P., Yadav, S. K., Kim, W., & Jain, P. (2026). Advancing drug solubility and precision delivery with next-generation nanocarriers: Recent innovations, opportunities, and challenges. Nano Trends, 13, 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwnano.2026.100183
Sridhar, D., Manikandan, R., Dhanapal, Y., Khute, S., & Subash, P. (2025). Artificial intelligence in predicting personalized nanocarrier formulations for herbal drugs: Bridging phytomedicine and precision nanotechnology. Intelligent Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipha.2025.08.001
Srivastava, A., Ahmad, A., Siddiqui, S., & Islam, A. (2026). Innovations in targeted drug delivery: From nanotechnology to clinical applications. Next Nanotechnology, 9, 100336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100336
Suthar, R., Yadav, R., Kumari, P., & Mehra, N. K. (2026). Nanotechnology in gynaecological cancers: Biomedical perspectives on lipid-based drug delivery systems for targeted therapy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 687, 126402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126402
Szkudlarek, J., Piwowarczyk, L., & Jeli?ska, A. (2026). Cannabidiol in Gliomas: Therapeutic Potential and Nanocarrier Strategies, with an Emphasis on Vesicular Delivery Systems. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 23(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00853
Talebi, M., Shahbazi, K., Dakkali, M. S., Akbari, M., Almasi Ghale, R., Hashemi, S., Sashourpour, M., Mojab, F., & Aminzadeh, S. (2025). Phytosomes: A promising nanocarrier system for enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of herbal products. Phytomedicine Plus, 5(2), 100779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100779
Teresia, V., Jie, L., & Jixiong, C. (202 C.E.). Interactive Learning Media Application For The Introduction Of Human Needs In Children Aged. Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials, 1(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.55849/jsca.v1i1.406
Umutoni, S., Zhang, H., Guo, J., Yu, Z., Shao, H., Yi, X., Sun, C., Luo, L., & Yu, Y. (2026). Oral anticancer drug delivery: Strategies for improving bioavailability. Chinese Chemical Letters, 112362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2026.112362
Vikal, A., Maurya, R., Patel, P., & Kurmi, B. D. (2025). Andrographis paniculata in fatty liver disease: Mechanisms, nanocarrier approaches, and therapeutic potential. Phytomedicine Plus, 5(4), 100903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100903
Wang, T., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Dou, Y., Chen, Y., Xie, M., Motta, A., Zheng, Z., Wang, X., Kuang, X., Han, Z., & Li, G. (2026). Nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems for breast cancer: A review. Biomaterials Advances, 182, 214725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214725
Yadav, B. K., Patel, R., Prajapati, B., & Patel, G. (2025). Cutting-edge Advances in Nanocarrier-facilitated Topical Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted Skin Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 26(12), 1906–1920. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010312939240704141630
Yousfi, R. E., Sayah, O., Dalli, M., Belkadi, M. C., Maleb, A., & Idrissi, A. E. (2026). Chapter 12—Nanotechnology-based drug delivery for combating SARS-CoV-2 variants. In J.-T. Chen (Ed.), Nanotechnology and Antivirus Nanomaterials for Combating COVID-19 (pp. 323–340). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-33002-5.00021-X
Zhao, N., Chen, H., Cai, S., Li, Q., Wang, J., Wang, W., & Lv, C. (2025). Chitosan-based therapeutic approaches for gastrointestinal malignancies: A review of novel drug delivery platforms and theragnostic systems. Industrial Crops and Products, 235, 121608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121608
Authors
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Ahmed, Ali Omar, Muntasir Muntasir

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.